By Water & Blood

Manetho: Third Book

The Twentieth Dynasty, Of 1 2 Diospolite, (or Theban), kings, who reigned

1. Smedes [or, Smendes] reigned 26 years.

2. Psusenes, or Psuneses, 46 years.

7. Susenes [or, Psusennes] 30 years. Altogether 130 years.

1. Sesonchis (or Shishak) x 21 years.

2. Osoroth [or, Osorthon] 1 5 years.

3. 4, 5. Three others reigned 25 years.

7, 8, 9. Three others 42 years. Altogether reigned 1 20 years.

1. Petoubates reigned 40 years, in whose time the Olympiads began.

2. Osorcho 8 years, whom the Egyptians call Hercules.

4. Zeet 31 years. Altogether 89 years.

Bocchoris, [or Bonchoris], the Saite, reigned 6 years, in whose reign (a miracle occurred), for a sheep spoke.

Consisted of 3 Ethiopic kings. 1. Sabbakon, who having taken Bocchoris captive, burnt him alive, and reigned 8 years.

1 Perhaps Tiglath Pileser, king of Assyria, or some one ruling as a tributary to the Assyrian monarch.

2. Sevechus,1 his son, who reigned 14 years.

3. Tarkos, or Tarakos [Tirhakah],2 18 years. Altogether 40 years.

1. Stephinates reigned 7 years.

5. Nechao, (or Necho), the 2nd reigned 6 years. He took Jerusalem, and carried away captive Joahaz, the king, to Egypt.

7. Vaphris (or Hophra) 19 years, to whom the remainder of the Jews fled when Jerusalem was taken by the Assyrians.

9. Psammacherites 3 6 months. Altogether 1 50 years and six months.

1. Cambyses reigned over Persia, his own kingdom, 5 years, and over Egypt 6 years.

1 Called So, or Seve, in 2 Kings xvii. 4.

3 Eusebius omits the last king, and inserts Ammeres at the beginning as the first.

2. Darius, the son of Hystaspes, 36 years.

8. Darius, the son of Xerxes, 19 years. Altogether 124 years and four months.

The Twenty-eighth Dynasty. Amyrteos, the Saite, reigned 6 years.

Consisting of four Mendesian kings.

1. Nepherites reigned 6 years.

Altogether 20 years and four months.

Consisting of three Sebennyte kings. 1. Nectanebes reigned 18 years.

1 Eusebius omits Artabanus, and between Cambyses and Darius places the Magi, with a reign of seven months.

3. Nectanebos 18 years. Altogether 38 years.

Consisting of three Persian kings.

1. (Darius) Ochus, who ruled Persia 20 years and Egypt two years.

2. Arses, or Arses Ochus, (or Artaxerxes), reigned 3 years.

3. Darius 4 years. Altogether 9 years. Total 1,050 years.

From Syncell. Chron. 73 to J& and Euseb. Chron. 16, 17.

Note by the Editor. For the different readings of the royal names, the length of their respective reigns, and the sum total of the years, which are often divergent, I must refer the student to Vol. i. of Dr. Birch's edition of Bunseris~Egyflt's Place in History \ Appendix, p. 642 — 736, where, in Greek and Latin, will be found the lists of Syncellus, Eusebius, Eratosthenes, and others.

" We had formerly a king whose name was Timaus. In his time it came to pass, I know not how, that God was displeased with us : and there came up from the East, in a strange manner, men of an ignoble race, who had the confidence to invade our country, and easily subdued it by their power, without a battle. And, when they had our rulers in their hands, they burnt our cities, and demolished the temples of the gods, and inflicted every kind of barbarity upon the inhabitants, slaying some, and reducing the wives and children of others to a state of slavery. At length they made one of themselves king, whose name was Salatis : he lived at Memphis, and rendered both the upper and lower regions of Egypt tributary, and stationed garrisons in places which were best adapted for that purpose. But he directed his attention principally to the security of the eastern frontier ; for he regarded with suspicion the increasing power of the Assyrians, who, he foresaw, would one day undertake an invasion of the kingdom. • And, observing in the Saite nome, upon the east of the Bubastite channel, a city which from some ancient theological reference was called. Avaris;

and finding it admirably adapted to his purpose, he rebuilt it, and strongly fortified it with walls, and garrisoned it with a force of two hundred and fifty thousand armed men. To this city Salatis repaired in summer time, to collect his tribute, and pay his troops, and to exercise his soldiers, in order to strike terror into foreigners.

And Salatis died after a reign of nineteen years ; after him reigned Beon forty-four years ; and he was succeeded by Apachnas, who reigned thirty-six years and seven months ; after him reigned Apophis sixtyone years, and Ianias fifty years and one month. After all these reigned Assis forty-nine years and two months. These six were the first rulers amongst them, and, during all the period of their dynasty, they made war upon the Egyptians, in hope of exterminating the whole race. All this nation was styled Hyk-shos, that is, the Shepherd- Kings ; for the first syllable, Hyk, according to the sacred dialect, denotes king, and sos signifies a shepherd ; but this according to the vulgar tongue ; and, of these two words is compounded the term Hyk-shos, whom some say were Arabians. This people, thus denominated Shepherd- Kings, and their descendants retained possession of Egypt for the space of 5 1 1 years.

After these things, he (Manetho), relates that the kings of Thebais, and of the other parts of Egypt, made an insurrection against the Shepherds ; and,

that a long and mighty war was carried on between them, till the Shepherds were subdued by a king whose name was Alisphragmuthosis ; and, that they were by him driven out of the rest of Egypt, and shut up within a space containing ten thousand acres, which was called Avaris. All this tract of country, (says Manetho), the Shepherds surrounded with a vast and strong wall, that they might retain all their possessions and their booty within a fortress.

And Thummosis, the son of Alisphragmuthosis, endeavoured to force them by a siege, and beleaguered the place with a body of four hundred and eighty thousand men ; but, at the moment when he despaired of reducing them by siege, they agreed to a capitulation, that they would leave Egypt, and should be permitted to go out, without molestation, wheresoever they pleased. And, according to this stipulation, they departed from Egypt with all their families and effects, in number not less than two hundred and forty thousand, and bent their way through the desert towards Syria. But, as they stood in fear of the Assyrians, who had then dominion over Asia, they built a city, in that country which is now called Judaea, of sufficient size to contain this multitude of men, and named it Jerusalem.

(In another book of the Egyptian histories, Manetho says), That this people, who are here called Shepherds, in their sacred books were also styled Captives.

After the departure of this nation of Shepherds to Jerusalem, Tethmosis, the king of Egypt, who drove them out, reigned twenty-five years and four months, and then died ; after him his son, Chebron, took the government into his hands for thirteen years ; after him reigned Amenophis for twenty years and seven months ; then his sister Amesses, 2 1 years and nine months.

She was succeeded by Mephres, who reigned 1 2 years and nine months ; after him Mephramuthosis, who reigned 25 years and 10 months ; then Thmosis, who reigned nine years and eight months ; after whom Amenophis reigned 30 years and 10 months ; then Orus (Horus), who reigned 36 and five months ; then his daughter Akenchres, who reigned 12 years vand one month ; and after her, Rathotis for nine years ; then Akencheres 1 2 years and five months, and another Akencheres 1 2 years and three months ; after him, Armais reigned four years and one month ; and Ramesses (the Great) one year and four months ; then Armesses, (i.e., Ramses), the son of Miammoun, who reigned 66 years and two months ; after him Amenophis for 1 9 years and six months ; he was succeeded by Sethosis, who is called Ramesses, who maintained an army of cavalry and a naval force.

This king, (Sethosis), appointed his brother Armais as his viceroy over Egypt. He also invested him with all the other authority of a king, but with the following restrictions, viz. — 1st, That he should not

wear the crown ; 2nd, Nor interfere with the queen, the mother of his children ; 3rd, Nor abuse the royal concubines. Sethosis then made an expedition against the island of Cyprus, and Phoenicia, and waged war with the Assyrians and Medes ; and he subdued them all, some by force of arms, and others without a blow, by the mere terror of his power. And being puffed up with his success, he advanced still more confidently, and overthrew the cities, and subdued the countries of the East.

But Armais, who was left in Egypt, took advantage of the opportunity, and fearlessly committed all those acts which his brother had enjoined him not to do ; he violated the queen, and continued an unrestrained intercourse with the concubines, and, at the persuasion of his friends, he assumed the diadem, and openly opposed his brother.

But the ruler over the priests of Egypt sent to Sethosis, and informed him of what had happened, and how his brother had set himself up in opposition to his power. Upon this Sethosis immediately returned to Pelusium, and recovered his kingdom. The country of Egypt took its name from Sethosis, who was called also /Egyptus, as was his brother Armais known by the name of Danaus." 1 — Joseph, contr. Ap. lib. I. c. 14, 15.

1 Danaus was the first king of the Argives.

corys ancient fragments. i 3 i

" This king, (Amenophis), was desirous of beholding the gods, since Horus, one of his predecessors in the kingdom had seen them. He communicated his desire to a priest of the same name with himself, Amenophis, the son of Papis ; one who seemed to partake of the divine nature, both in his wisdom and in his knowledge of futurity.

Amenophis returned him for answer, that he might behold the gods if he would cleanse the land of all lepers, and other unclean persons that were in it. Well pleased with this information, the king gathered together out of the land of Egypt all that laboured under any defect of body, to the number of 80,000, and sent them to the quarries, (in the Mafra, or, Sinaitic peninsula), which are situated on the east side of the Nile, that they might work in them, and be separated from the rest of the Egyptians.

And he, (Manetho), says, there were among them some learned priests who were (also) infected with the leprosy. And Amenophis, the wise man and prophet, fearing lest the vengeance of the gods should fall, both on himself and on the king, should it appear that violence had been used towards them, added this also in a prophetic spirit ; — that certain people would come to the assistance of these polluted wretches, and would subdue Egypt, and hold it in possession for thirteen years. These tidings

however he dared not to communicate to the king, but left in writing- an account of what should come to pass, and destroyed himself; at which the king was fearfully distressed.

' (After which, he writes thus, word for word) : When those that were sent to work in the quarries had continued for some time in that miserable state, the king was petitioned to set apart for their habitation and protection the city Avaris, which had been left desolate by the Shepherds ; and he granted them their desire : now this city, according to the ancient theology, is a Typhonian1 city.

When these men had taken possession of the city, and found it well adapted for a revolt, they appointed over themselves a ruler out of the priests of Heliopolis,2 one whose name was Osarsiph,3 and they bound themselves by oath that they would be obedient. Osarsiph then, in the first place enacted this law, that they should neither worship the \_Egyptian\ gods, nor abstain from {eating) any of those sacred animals which the Egyptians hold in the highest veneration, but sacrifice and slay them all ; and that

1 Typhon was the Ahriman, or Satan, of the Egyptian theology. "Down to the time of Rameses, B.C. 1300, he was one of the most venerated and powerful gods. After about 970 B.C. he was regarded as the foe of Osiris and all the gods of Egypt." — BUNSEN'S Egypt's Place, vol. i., p. 456.

2 Called On in Genesis xli. 45, 50 ; An in Egyptian.

3 By Osarsiph he means Moses, the Jewish lawgiver and deliverer.

they should connect themselves with none but such as were of that confederacy. When he had made such laws as these, and many others of a tendency directly in opposition to the customs of the Egyptians, he gave orders that they should employ the multitude of hands in rebuilding the walls about the city (Avaris), and hold themselves in readiness for war with Amenophis the king ; whilst he (Osarsiph) took into his confidence and counsels some others of the priests and unclean persons. He then sent ambassadors to the city called Jerusalem ; to those Shepherds who had been expelled by Tethmosis,1 whereby he informed them of the affairs of himself, and of the others who had been treated in the same ignominious manner, and requested they would come with one consent, to his assistance in this war against Egypt. He also promised in the first place to reinstate them in their ancient city and country, Avaris, and provide a plentiful maintenance for their numerous host, and fight for them as occasion might require. He informed them, moreover, that they could easily reduce the land (of Egypt) under their dominion. The Shepherds received this message with the greatest joy, and quickly mustered to the number of 200,000 men, and came up to Avaris. Now Amenophis, king of Egypt, when he was informed of their invasion, was in great consternation, remembering the prophecy of Amenophis,

1 Tethmosis was a sovereign of the 18th dynasty, according to Eusebius.

the son of Papis, and he assembled the armies of the Egyptians, and took counsel with the leaders, and commanded the sacred animals to be brought to him, especially those which were held in the greatest veneration in the temples, and particularly charged the priests to conceal the images of their gods with the utmost care. And his son Sethos, who was also called Ramesses from his father Rampses, being but five years old he committed to the protection of a friend. And he marched with the rest of the Egyptians, being three hundred thousand warriors, against the enemy, who advanced to meet him ; but he did not attack them, thinking it would be to wage war against the gods, but he returned, and came again to Memphis, where he took Apis, (the sacred bull), and the other sacred animals he had sent for, and retreated immediately into Ethiopia, together with all his army, and all the multitude of the Egyptians : for the king of Ethiopia was under obligations to him, wherefore he received him kindly, and took care of all the multitude that was with him, while the country supplied all that was necessary for their food. He also allotted to him cities and villages during his exile, which was to continue from its beginning during the predestined thirteen years. Moreover, he pitched a camp for an Ethiopian army upon the borders of Egypt, as a protection to king Amenophis.

While such was the state of things in Ethiopia, the people of Jerusalem, having come down in company with the unclean of the Egyptians, treated the

inhabitants with such barbarity that those who witnessed their impieties believed that their joint sway was more execrable than that which the Shepherds (alone) had formerly exercised. They not only set fire to the cities and villages, but committed every kind of sacrilege, and destroyed the images of the gods, and roasted and fed upon those sacred animals that were worshipped ; and having compelled the priests and prophets to kill and sacrifice them, they cast them naked out of the country.

It is also said that the priest who ordained their polity and laws was by birth a native of Heliopolis, and that he was named Osarsiph, from Osiris, the god venerated at Heliopolis. He adds, however, that when he went over to these people his name was changed, and he was called Moyses (Mouses or Moses). Manetho again says, 'after this Amenophis returned from Ethiopia with a great force, and Rampses his son also, with other forces, and encountering the Shepherds and the unclean people, they defeated them, and slew multitudes of them, and pursued the remainder to the borders of Syria (Judea).' " — From Josephus against A pion. Book i., cap. 27.

"The authenticity of the account of Josephus," says Dr. Eisenlohr, " is not to be doubted, for, if he had not found the story in Manetho, he would not have thought it necessary to denounce it. It has long been accepted by Egyptologists," says he, "that the narration of Josephus refers really to the Exodus of the Israelites." — Transactions of Soc. Bib. Archcsol. vol. i., part 2., p. 380 — 1. — Note by the Editor.

" Among the Egyptians there is a certain tablet called the Old Chronicle, containing thirty dynasties in 113 descents, during the long period of 36,525 years. The first series of princes was that of the Auritae ; the second was that of the Mestraeans ; the third of Egyptians. The Chronicle runs as follows : —

To Hephaestus [or, Vulcan] is assigned no time, as he is apparent both by night and day.

Helius [or, the Sun] the son of Hephaestus (Vulcan) reigned three myriads of years.

Then Kronus [or, Saturn] and the other twelve divinities reigned 3,984 years.

Next in order are the demigods, in number eight, who reigned 217 years.

After these are enumerated 1 5 generations of the Cynic circle, which take up 443 years.

The 1 6th Dynasty is of the Tanites, eight kings, which lasted 190 years.

17th, Memphites ; 4 in descent ; 103 years.

1 8th, Memphites ; 14 in descent ; 348 years.

19th, Diospolites (or Thebans) ; 5 in descent; 194 years.

20th, Diospolites (or Thebans) ; 8 in descent ; 228 years.

21st, Tanites; 6 in descent; 121 years.

/ 22nd, Tanites ; 3 in descent; 48 years.

23rd, Diospolites (or Thebans) ; 2 in descent; 19 years.

24th, Saites ; 3 in descent ; 44 years.

25th, Ethiopians ; 3 in descent ; 44 years.

26th, Memphites ; 7 in descent ; 177 years.

27th, Persians ; 5 in descent; 124 years.

29th, Tanites ; in descent ; 39 years.

30th, A Tanite ; 1 in descent ; 1 8 years.

Embracing in all 30 Dynasties, and amounting to 36,525 years." — From Syncellus' Chronicon. $\yand Eusebius Chron. 6.